\n\n
(目前新生儿普遍都需要打维生素 K)
\n\n维生素 K 的身世虽没有维生素 C 那样轰轰烈烈,但也不简单!
\n\n1935 年,丹麦生物化学家亨利克·达姆在鸡的体内发现了一种新的维生素,这种维生素的缺乏会引起动物体内出血,使血液不能正常的凝固,所以称之为“凝血维生素”。
\n\n在英文中,K 是凝固这个单词“koagulation(凝固)”中的第一个字母,所以就把这个具有凝血作用的维生素命名为维生素 K。
\n\n而且由于这项重要的发现,达姆获得了 1943 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖[1]。
\n\n首先,需要明确的是,维生素 K 不是疫苗。其次,维生素 K 对于我们的身体很重要,不能少。
\n\n研究发现,维生素 K 本身不能凝固血液,但它能合成凝固血液的物质。这些物质就是凝血因子,包括凝血因子 Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ[2]。
\n\n如果凝血因子缺乏的话,会使体内血液不能正常凝固,导致出血或凝血时间延长,从而出现皮肤紫斑、鼻出血、牙龈出血、尿血等症状,严重的话会引起出血性休克,危及生命[3]。
\n\n为什么宝宝刚出生就要打维生素 K 呢?
\n\n第一,因为宝宝在妈妈肚子里时,维生素 K 通过胎盘的效率比较低,宝宝能吸收的量很少,所以刚出生的宝宝几乎都会缺乏维生素 K。如果是早产儿,体内维生素 K 浓度会比足月儿更低。胎龄越小、体重越低,越容易缺乏维生素 K。维生素 K 缺乏是早产儿发生出血的重要原因之一[4]。
\n\n第二,新生儿的肠道吸收效率和胎儿期相比有所减少,婴儿期的肝功能也不成熟,腹泻或肝胆疾病等都会影响宝宝对维生素 K 的吸收。
\n\n第三,虽说肠道里的一些细菌可以合成维生素 K,但刚出生的宝宝肠道菌群不完善,不能像大宝宝们一样合成足够的维生素 K。
\n\n第四,新生宝宝原本就维生素 K 先天不足,如果后天仍补充不够的话,不仅会影响宝宝的凝血状态,还会增加出血风险[5]。
\n\n这种由于维生素 K 的缺乏引起的出血,叫维生素 K 缺乏性出血(VKDB),轻者皮肤渗血,重者胃肠道出血,最严重的会导致致命性颅内出血[3]。目前我国 VKDB 的发病率平均为 0.24%,而世界平均水平在 0.06%~0.3%[3]。
\n\n2013 年,世界卫生组织(WHO)建议:所有的新生儿都应该使用维生素 K,预防维生素 K 缺乏性出血。
\n\n世界卫生组织(WHO)的建议是足月儿单剂量维生素 K 1mg 肌肉注射,早产儿 0.4mg/kg 肌肉注射,最大不超过 1mg。
\n\n目前,各个国家关于维生素 K 预防 VKDB 的用法用量并没有得到统一[6],国内也没有权威指南给予规范。我国《儿科学》教材中对预防新生儿 VKDB 有一些建议措施,主要有以下 3 点[7]:
\n\n刚刚我们说给宝宝打维生素 K1,难不成还有 K2、K3、K4、K5?
\n\n你还别说,还真有。维生素 K 有很多兄弟,从 K1 一直到 K7,作用也相似。其中有医疗价值的是 K1到 K4。其中,K2 的亚型较多,也没有药物剂型,K1、K3、K4 都有药物制剂。
\n\n但是我们只能见到维生素 K1,而见不到 K3 和 K4。这是因为 K3 和 K4 是后来人工合成的维生素,药品名就没有继续沿用以前的命名规则,而是根据它的结构来命名的。维生素 K3 叫“甲萘醌”,维生素 K4 则叫做“甲萘氢醌”[8]。
\n\n目前,临床使用最广泛的仍旧是维生素 K1,因为它起效快、作用时间长,不良反应及肝毒性最小。维生素 K1 有注射液和片剂两种剂型。
\n\n对于新生儿出血、肝功能不全、葡萄糖 -6- 磷酸脱氢酶 (G-6-PD) 缺乏等情况,只能使用维生素 K1[9]。维生素 K3 和 K4 则作为一种补充,更适用于阻塞性黄疸、胆瘘这类缺乏胆盐的患者使用。
\n\n维生素 K 广泛存在于绿色植物中,人体肠道细菌也可以产生维生素 K,并被机体吸收利用,所以一般人不会出现维生素 K 缺乏,也不推荐额外补充维生素 K。
\n\n但是,如果存在下面这 4 种情况,就有可能发生维生素 K 的缺乏,需要就医了。
\n\n需要注意的是,即使存在上述可能引起维生素 K 缺乏的情况,也不能擅自用药,需要在医生的评估下确定是否需要额外补充,并且维生素 K 属于处方药,必须有医生的处方才能使用。
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Prevention of vitamin V deficiency bleeding in newborn infants:aposition paper by the ES-PGHAN committee on nutrition[J]. J pediatr grastroenterol Nutr. 2016, 63(1): 123-129.","2018 CPS/CFPC 声明: 新生儿维生素 K 预防指南.加拿大儿科学会. Can Fam Physician. 2018, Oct. 64(10): 736-739.","毛萌, 李延玉, 申坤玲, 常立文.《儿科学》第 8 版. 人民卫生出版社.","《马丁代尔药物大典》(译版)第 37 版. 化学工业出版社. 2008: 1895--1898.","尤启东.《药物化学》第七版. 人民卫生出版社, 460-461.","周文化, 刘绍.《食品营养与卫生学》. 中南大学出版社, 2013: 88."],sourceid:7,copyright_head:s,recruit_diseases:[],recruit_area:[],related_docs:[],info_type:0,recruit_treatment:[],summary_url:s,thanks:[],op_hospital:{clickable:0,hprank:s,info:s,hpid:0,icon:s,prefix:s,name:s},op_doctor:{prefix:s,follow:0,hprank:f,drid:12758,hpid:0,icon:D,position:I,hospital:S,doctor_type:0,doctor_clickable:1,hospital_clickable:0,department:m,weight:0,text:J,sole:0,name:"赵宁"},size:0,ref:[],source:s,abs:"维生素 K 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