\n\n
\n\n\n\n美籍华裔遗传学家Joe和Levan在1956年首次发现人类正常体细胞染色体数目是46条(23对)。生物课上我们也都学习过,人类正常精子或卵子的染色体数目为23对。
\n\n其中22对是常染色体,另外1对是决定性别的染色体,X染色体和Y染色体,称为性染色体。女性的性染色体是XX,男性的性染色体是XY。在孕育宝宝的过程中,如果母亲的卵子与父亲含有性染色体X的精子结合,受精卵就是XX型,会发育成女胎。如果母亲的卵子和父亲含有性染色体Y的精子结合,受精卵就是XY型,会发育成男胎。
\n\n\n\n在这个过程中,如果性染色体异常、性腺发育异常或者是内分泌激素异常,就会形成两性畸形。也就是说,一个人同时拥有男女两性的性器官,俗称阴阳人。
\n\n两性畸形是指在胚胎发育过程中,由于受到各种因素的干扰,导致内外生殖器发育畸形,使同一个体同时具有男女两性特征[1]。
\n\n临床上,两性畸形可分为真两性畸形和假两性畸形。
\n\n真两性畸形是指体内同时存在卵巢和睾丸两种性腺组织,根据患儿的临床表现分为3种:单侧真两性畸形、偏侧真两性畸形以及双侧真两性畸形。真两性畸形的分类如下[2]:
\n\n类型 | \n\t\t\t特点 | \n\t\t\t占比 | \n\t\t
单侧真两性畸形 | \n\t\t\t一侧为卵睾*,另一侧只有睾丸或只有卵巢 | \n\t\t\t约占50% | \n\t\t
偏侧真两性畸形 | \n\t\t\t一侧只有睾丸,另一侧只有卵巢 | \n\t\t\t约占30% | \n\t\t
双侧真两性畸形 | \n\t\t\t两侧均为卵睾 | \n\t\t\t约占20% | \n\t\t
卵睾:在一个性腺内具有两种性腺组织(即卵巢与睾丸组织)[2]。
\n\n\n\n患儿的外生殖器会表现出不同程度的畸形。有阴茎的患儿,家长会当作男孩来抚养,这样的患儿往往有不同程度的尿道下裂,半数以上伴有隐睾和疝。另一部分被当作女孩来抚养的患儿,多数有大的阴蒂、尿生殖窦和发育不良的子宫。
\n\n当患儿成长到青春期后,“男孩”的乳房会发育增大,出现周期性的“血尿”、睾丸痛;同时也会出现女性的第二性征,比如:声调变得尖细、皮下脂肪丰富等。“女孩”会出现阴蒂肥大,大阴唇的形状像阴囊一样,没有阴道或者阴道处在婴儿状态;同时出现喉结、胡须等男性的第二性征。
\n\n假两性畸形的患儿,实际上体内只有一种性腺,也就是说本质上是一性人。但是,具有男性性腺的患儿,外生殖器的外观是女性特征;而具有女性性腺的患儿,外生殖器的外观是男性特征。在临床上把外表女孩实际上是男孩的患儿,称作男性假两性畸形,反之称作女性假两性畸形。
\n\n男性假两性畸形[3]
\n\n男性假两性畸形是指男性女性化,染色体核型为46,XY。男性假两性畸形可能同家族遗传有关,呈X连锁隐性遗传或者限男性的常染色体显性遗传。临床上表现为外生殖器一般缺少完整的男性发育,甚至外生殖器酷似女性,比如存在尿道下裂、阴囊空虚等。结合临床症状,当超声检查时发现隐睾,却未发现患者盆腔内有女性内生殖器样结构,即可做出诊断。
\n\n\n\n\n\n女性假两性畸形是一种遗传性疾病,染色体核型为46,XX。女性假两性畸形的发病原因有很多种,其中以先天性肾上皮质增生最为常见。临床上表现为婴幼儿以阴蒂明显肥大,青少年则是月经初潮迟迟不来、月经不规则或喉结增大、毛发增多等男性特征。
\n\n两性畸形的治疗方式包括手术治疗和性激素替代治疗。
\n\n在治疗之前,首先要确定性别。除了参照患儿的解剖、生理等生物学检查结果外,还必须结合患儿的外生殖器形态、患儿本身和家长的意愿来决定,争取与社会性别一致。一般孩子在2岁后会逐渐形成性别意识,所以确定性别的手术进行得越早越好。
\n\n如果选择成为女性,需要切除所有睾丸组织,包括卵睾中的睾丸端,保留卵巢组织。再进行外生殖器再造术,包括:阴蒂、阴唇成型术,阴道成型术,乳房增大等。
\n\n如果选择成为男性,需要切除所有卵巢组织,卵睾中应该把一小片睾丸组织和卵巢组织的部分一起切除。留下腹股沟睾丸组织固定于阴囊。子宫、输卵管、乳房也应切除,并且进行阴茎再造、阴囊再造、睾丸假体植入术等手术。
\n\n如果是混合性卵睾或者是腹腔卵睾应该全部切除。
\n\n在手术治疗后,通常会辅以激素替代疗法。如果保留女性身份,需要雌激素治疗。如果保留男性身份则需要雄激素治疗。
\n\n选择成为女性的患儿,如果在青春期没有自然发育,可以通过雌激素治疗,诱导女性第二性征。一般在12~14岁开始治疗,通常经过6~24个月,乳房和阴毛发育可以达到满意效果,然后改为雌激素和孕激素联合应用。
\n\n选择成为男性的患儿可以使用丙酸睾酮、庚酸睾酮等雄激素治疗,可以达到增大阴茎等加强第二性征效果。
\n\n划重点!两性畸形的心理疏导很重要。
\n\n两性畸形患儿,可能会因为自身的生理缺陷,而出现不敢上厕所、害怕被小朋友嘲笑、不合群等情况。如果家长不加以正确的心理疏导,就可能导致孩子出现自卑、自闭等心理问题。但不要因为孩子的疾病过度保护孩子,这样容易让孩子变得自私、承受不起挫折。
\n\n家长要让孩子明白,疾病不是他的错,通过手术和激素治疗可以得到纠正。要多多鼓励孩子接纳自己,和别的小朋友一起玩耍。每个孩子都是独一无二的天使,医生会努力修复折翼的翅膀,让孩子重获新生。
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