70%~75%(体积比V/V)浓度的酒精,医用名乙醇,可以用于手、皮肤、物体表面消毒,能让细菌的蛋白质脱水凝固,失去活性,无法作恶。
\n\n\n\n\n\n但是,安全有效地使用酒精,正确的做法是:
\n\n\n\n\n\n浓度超过75%的酒精会直接让细菌表面的蛋白质凝固形成厚厚的保护膜,阻止酒精进一步渗透进去,反而导致杀菌效果减弱。
\n\n\n\n\n\n二锅头、老白干这些白酒的主要成分是乙醇,但浓度不一,多数在10%~55%之间,同时可能混有其他杂质,不能起到有效的杀菌效果,不推荐用于医疗消毒。
\n\n\n\n\n\n(图片来源:网络)
\n\n\n\n\n\n酒精有强烈的刺激性,直接倒在伤口上,你不疼吗?
\n\n\n\n\n\n而且,酒精是无差别攻击,让身体细胞的蛋白也凝固,影响伤口愈合。所以,酒精只能用于伤口周围的皮肤消毒。
\n\n\n\n\n\n想一想,护士给你打针前,是不是把酒精涂在完好无损的皮肤上,而不会用在破损的皮肤或出血的伤口上的。
\n\n\n\n\n\n酒精不能大面积喷洒,尤其是夏天、密闭的环境中。
\n\n\n\n\n\n当空气酒精浓度达到3%,哪怕是衣服静电、用电蚊拍或有人抽烟,都有可能引起爆炸。
\n\n\n\n\n\n(图片来源:央视频)
\n\n\n\n\n\n千万不要直接对着屏幕喷酒精!
\n\n\n\n\n\n给手机屏幕消毒,可以用酒精棉片擦拭,或者用酒精喷湿柔软的布料再擦。
\n\n部分电脑、电视、平板的屏幕表面有“抗反射涂层”,不可以用酒精擦拭,只能用屏幕专用清洁剂。记得查看一下产品官方出具的清洁指南。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(手机清洁指南)
\n\n\n\n\n\n提醒一下:酒精有过敏的可能,对酒精过敏的人要慎用!
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n比起酒精,碘伏更加温和无刺激,是居家旅行必备消毒神器。建议家庭常备0.5%~1%碘伏,老人孩子都能用。
\n\n\n\n\n\n碘伏可以直接用在伤口上。但是,对碘过敏者以及甲亢病人慎用。
\n\n\n\n\n\n注意注意!碘伏和碘酒不一样!
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n碘伏和碘酒的有效成分都是碘。只不过,碘伏是以水为溶媒,碘酒是以酒精为溶媒。也就是说,碘酒集成了碘的超强消毒能力和酒精的刺激性[1]。
\n\n\n\n\n\n所以,碘酒不能用来给破损的皮肤或者黏膜消毒。用完碘酒后,必须再用75%酒精擦拭脱碘,否则可能会烧伤皮肤。新生儿和碘过敏者也要慎用。
\n\n\n\n\n\n如果家里有医用酒精和碘伏,就不需要双氧水和红/紫药水了。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n双氧水又名过氧化氢,主要用于外科伤口、皮肤黏膜冲洗消毒及室内空气消毒,伤口、皮肤、黏膜使用的有效浓度为3%(30g/L)直接冲洗擦拭作用3~5分钟。
\n\n\n\n\n\n但双氧水对金属有腐蚀性,对织物有漂白作用,对眼睛、黏膜和皮肤有刺激性,有灼伤危险。若不慎接触,应用大量清水冲洗并及时就医[2]。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n红药水在医院已基本淘汰,其杀菌作用很弱,但几乎无刺激,可用来给表浅的小范围皮肤、黏膜消毒。
\n\n\n\n\n\n但是,红药水不能经常用和大面积用,否则可能让过多的汞离子进入体内引起中毒。
\n\n\n\n\n\n注意!碘类消毒剂(碘酒、碘伏)不能“混搭”红药水[4]。
\n\n\n\n\n\n红药水的主要成分是汞溴红,和碘混合在一起会析出碘化汞。
\n\n\n\n\n\n碘化汞会侵入人体,导致伤口不愈合、溃烂等。如果大量使用碘化汞,还可能会引起汞中毒。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n紫药水在医院也很少作为伤口消毒,因为结痂快,可用于表浅轻微伤口的处理,但紫药水不适合用于较深和较脏的伤口,否则易导致痂下积存脓液。
\n\n\n\n\n\n一句话:家里没必要常备红药水和紫药水。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n红霉素是红霉素软膏的主要成分,属于抗感染药物,可以用来预防和治疗皮肤感染。
\n\n\n\n\n\n但红霉素软膏不能经常用,更不能随便滥用,一般建议红霉素软膏连续使用不宜超过1周。
\n\n\n\n\n\n否则有可能导致细菌对红霉素耐药。换句话说就是“用多了就没效了,还影响其他抗生素药物的使用效果”。
\n\n\n\n\n\n读到这里,聪明的你肯定已经明白,“被小刀划破手指”这类情况改选什么消毒剂了:
\n\n\n\n\n\n如果伤口不深,伤口周围干净,直接用碘伏即可。
\n\n如果伤口周围比较脏,可以先用清水和生理盐水清洗伤口周围,再用碘伏给伤口消毒。
\n\n如果伤口很深、血流不止,能看到发白、发黄的组织,或者小刀很脏、生锈,别犹豫,去医院!
\n\n\n\n\n\n最后划个重点,家用消毒剂的选择注意这几点:
\n\n\n\n\n\n1.表浅或轻微的伤口,用清水和生理盐水清洗伤口表面的污物后,可以用碘伏直接涂伤口,建议家中常备0.5%~1%碘伏;
\n\n2.给伤口周围皮肤消毒,可选75%浓度的酒精或者碘酒、碘伏;
\n\n3.伤口消毒不建议用红/紫药水;
\n\n4.伤口较大或较深(比如,深到能看到发黄或发白的脂肪组织),或者可能有异物残留(比如玻璃、植物纤维等),或者出血量较多者一定要及时去医院!
\n\n5.任何消毒产品都有有效使用期限及有效浓度,购买和使用时要多留心[1]。
\n\n\n\n\n\n担心自己记不住?那保存下面这张表就够
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n最后还想说,碘伏、酒精、双氧水等消毒药水,可能会破坏新生组织,减低细胞活性从而影响伤口愈合,所以不要太频繁使用!
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