\n\n
莎士比亚
\n\n\n\n达尔文
\n\n\n\n从心理学角度看,这种不切实际的“蜜汁自信”是可以解释的,那就是“达克效应”。
\n\n达克效应(D-K effect),又称为邓宁-克鲁格效应(Dunning-Kreuger effect),是一种认知偏差现象。也就是说,有些能力差的人会出现一种虚幻的优越感,总误以为自己比真实的情况要优秀,并且常常会高估自己[1]。
\n\n通过下面一张图不难看出,一个人的知识和经验,与自信程度的关系很微妙——
\n\n知识和经验水平低的人往往会非常自信,但其实,他们只是在愚昧的山峰中自高自大;
\n\n只有不断地提高认识,积累经验,才能逃离愚昧山峰。但这一期间需要艰辛的努力,克服绝望的谷底,攀爬开悟之坡,最终才能走入持续平稳的高原,达到人生新的高度。
\n\n\n\n(图片来源:腾讯医典自制)
\n\n\n\n其实,这个心理效应本身也挺好玩的。它是美国康奈尔大学的邓宁(David Dunning)和伊利诺大学香槟分校的克罗格(Justin Kruger)提出的,并因此获得了 2000 年的搞笑诺贝尔奖心理学奖。
\n\n这么有道理的发现为啥“搞笑”呢?倒也不是因为它不科学,而是有点太直白,像是一句“正确的废话”。
\n\n可没办法,再废话的道理,照样有人不懂啊。比如,这个人——
\n\n1995 年,美国匹兹堡一个叫麦克阿瑟惠勒的男子未进行任何伪装,在大白天抢劫了两家银行,被缉拿归案。
\n\n警察对这种挑战智商的行为感到迷惑。在讯问时,惠勒很不服气地说:“我明明把柠檬汁抹到了脸上,不应该被看到啊。”
\n\n别笑,他这句话还真有一个科学原理:柠檬汁的酸性可以让其充当隐形墨水。用柠檬汁写字,遇到热量会氧化成棕色,进而显露出信息。但只要不靠近热源,字迹就不会显现。
\n\n所以说,把柠檬汁抹到脸上,如果不随身带着一个制冰机,是别想达到隐身效果的。(带了也不行!!!)
\n\n\n\n\n\n正是这个案例,引起了达宁的关注。他和学生们设计了一项测试,邀请专业的喜剧演员对 30 个笑话的趣味性进行评估,然后又让 65 位大学生进行评价,以比较大学生与专业喜剧演员看法的吻合度,以及对自我的评价。
\n\n有趣的是,测试中表现优秀的人,却认为自己的能力平平;而测试表现一般的人,却认为自己的能力高于平均水平,自我评判最不准确。
\n\n达宁团队又进行了重复的实验,包括逻辑推理、语法、运动等方面的测试,都得到了相同的答案。
\n\n1999 年,达宁将研究成果发表在《人格与社会心理学》杂志上,题为《无能与无知:对自身无能的认知困难如何导致无端自负》。
\n\n论文的核心结论就是:绝大多数人对自己在各个知识领域的能力都感觉良好,但有一部分人认为自己极其优秀,自信心爆棚,这种认知偏差现象生动地解释了“无知者无畏”的现象。那些表现水平差的人,同样也不擅长自我能力的评判[2]。
\n\n正是这项研究帮助达宁获得了“搞笑诺贝尔奖”——这个奖是认真的,通常颁给那些“乍一看很好笑,实则发人深省”的研究,现实意义很强。
\n\n\n\n看样子,我们每个人都或多或少被达克效应支配过。那么该如何脱离这种状态呢?
\n\n请看下面这张图——
\n\n\n\n(保持学习就能远离达克效应)
\n\n\n\n具体而言,一要保持乐观开朗的包容态度,不要轻易对事情进行主观臆断。建议不断去学习和提高,扩充自己的知识面,千万别掉进盲目自信的陷阱中。比如,在生活中多阅读各种类型的书籍,了解每个人的成长经历。日常工作中,做决定前要多加思考,避免过于冲动。
\n\n二要多看到别人的优点,认真听取他人的意见,并积极进行沟通。正确认识自己,深耕在自身专业的事情上,踏实认真地完成本职工作,对非专业性的事物保持谦卑的心理,不了解的事情不随意做出评价,逐渐搭建自己的知识技能体系。
\n\n三要与高手过招。所谓“三人行必有我师”,选择比自己能力更优秀的人来学习,观察他们的言行举止,从中吸取营养。
\n\n当你的知识圈越来越大、接触到的陌生领域越来越多时,就会发现,“曾经的自己是如此浅薄”,你也只会更加低调、谦虚地做人,更加努力地去探索了。
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Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2011, 44:247-296.","贡水. 达克效应和骗子综合征[J]. 检察风云, 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