\n\n
(来源:微博)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n真相一出,新闻底下出现了很多类似“怎么最近这种案子最后的嫌犯不是老公就是男友”的评论,的确,距离杭州许某利杀害妻子来女士,还没过去多久。
\n\n\n\n过去的一个月中,已经看到了太多被伴侣杀害、家暴的案件,就像病毒一样:
\n\n\n\n
\n
发生了这些事情后,很多女生都变得有点害怕男性、希望保持距离,有些女生可能还会担心自己或谈恋爱的姐妹,毕竟一旦发生了,可能就再也来不及了。
\n\n\n\n
那么,如果谈恋爱,我们怎么识别出潜在的“杀人犯”呢?
\n\n\n\n\n\n(来源:《妖怪管理员》)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n首先,谋杀配偶或伴侣,是最严重的一种亲密关系暴力(Intimate partner violence , IPV),属于家暴的一种,往往还相伴着其它暴力控制。
\n\n\n\n所以对于绝大部分女性来说,最根本的是要预防家暴。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n有以下特点的人,有家暴的风险会较大[1][2][3][4],但并不是有这些特点的人均有暴力倾向,还请大家不要误解:
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n曾经家暴过伴侣,校园霸凌同学,攻击过陌生人,虐待动物。
\n\n\n\n比如“江歌案”中,本意是家暴女友的凶手陈世峰,杀死了保护好友的江歌。
\n\n\n\n除了涉案女友说他会拳打脚踢外,前女友也说他起冲突时会踹肚子,学校同学称他此前就有暴力行为。
\n\n\n\n(来源:新华网)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n年轻时和有暴力行为的人成为好友,除了会受朋友的暴力行为影响,还可能是本身有暴力倾向的人喜欢选择具有相似特征的朋友。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n童年时经历家暴,可能会让孩子误认为家人之间,可以用暴力来沟通或解决问题;还可能影响到孩子的心理健康,让他们难以调节情绪,甚至发展成攻击行为。
\n\n\n\n父母的反社会行为,也可能对孩子造成潜移默化的影响,让孩子有暴力倾向。
\n\n\n\n但绝不是说在这样的家庭长大一定有暴力倾向。如果担心,和伴侣聊天时可以询问他对家暴的看法,如果对方认为“打老婆”“打小孩”无所谓,甚至暗暗透露出“事出有因”,那么就要警惕了。
\n\n\n\n\n\n缺乏悔过和自责心理,伤害别人后常常无动于衷或合理化自己的行为。
\n\n\n\n不忠诚,反复说谎,为了自己的利益或快乐,经常欺骗别人。
\n\n\n\n态度上接受暴力和性别不平等。
\n\n\n\n总是不负责,比如不能坚持或稳定工作,学习成绩低于能力水平,漠视规则,即使是有治疗目的也不能约束自己(如锻炼、节食),个人生活和职业生涯没有目标,不承担赡养责任。
\n\n\n\n如中国孕妇泰国坠崖案中,男方无业,赌博成瘾。
\n\n\n\n
上海杀妻冰箱藏尸案,凶手朱晓东总是换女友,频繁出轨。
\n\n\n\n(来源:红星新闻、澎湃新闻)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n对生活缺乏热情,没有爱好。不关心、不信任朋友或家人,会主动疏离亲朋好友。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n对不同观点和生活方式的容忍度或理解力低,控制欲强。
\n\n\n\n比如看电影、短片、新闻时,即使有比较感人的片段,这些人也几乎没有任何触动。
\n\n\n\n对那些和自己的价值观不完全一致或有瑕疵的不幸者,不能共情。
\n\n\n\n对弱者、哭闹的幼童、小动物没有耐心。
\n\n\n\n恋爱时极端地对你好,即使没有很深的关系也非你不可。
\n\n\n\n比如河南遭家暴跳楼逃生致截瘫的女子曾称,丈夫婚前对她很体贴,“没有一点会伤害我的迹象”。
\n\n(图片来源:漩涡视频)
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n但其实“电话不接就跑到女方楼下,一直待到凌晨”,已经透露出极强的偏执。这种执着地用自己的方式“试图”感动对方,完全是从自己的需求出发,并没有真实地为对方考虑。
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n经常喝酒并且比较小就开始有这种习惯的人,可能会在酒后控制不住情绪而家暴,吸毒的人也可能更容易有家暴行为[9][10]。
\n\n\n\n很多伴侣谋杀案其实在案发前有迹可循。
\n\n\n\n\n\n许多人以为家暴就是拳打脚踢,其实并不止这样。
\n\n\n\n家暴通常可分为4大类:情感虐待、经济虐待、身体虐待和性虐待。
\n\n\n\n先来看看情感虐待。
\n\n\n\n\n\n长期指责、贬低、言语操纵都属于家暴,而且往往很难察觉。
\n\n\n\n北大女生包丽(化名) 的悲剧就是一个警醒。男友牟某某长期重复地辱骂、贬低她,并循序渐进地向她灌注“她不是处女,很差劲”的观念,令包丽渐渐失去自我价值感,产生自我怀疑,出现自我否认。
\n\n\n\n即使发生冲突,牟某某也会指责包丽是“始作俑者”,都是因为她才让他变成这样。也导致了包丽面对冲突会在自己身上找原因,用“过度自我责备”的方式回应。
\n\n\n\n包丽甚至为了降低伤痛程度,渐渐隔离、漠视自己的情绪,“我已经跑不动了。”“分不动了。” 最终被耗竭,选择了自杀。
\n\n\n\n在最后的聊天记录中,她说了这么一句:
\n\n\n\n\n\n(图片来源:南方周末)
\n\n\n\n\n\n除了精神控制,长期辱骂伴侣的行为,很可能也是对方实施身体虐待的预兆[11]。
\n\n\n\n比如来女士的丈夫接受采访时的一番话,也反映了他生活中就经常贬低来女士,而种种迹象表明,许某利杀妻是早有预谋。
\n\n\n\n(来源:小强热线-浙江教科 )
\n\n\n\n\n\n所以,如果男朋友经常贬低你的外貌、衣着或不是处女,说“你做不来那个的”“这个最适合你,你能力不够,听我的没错”,你不需要去想“我真的这么糟糕吗”“他也许真的很爱我”,而是需要认真考虑,要不要和一个经常不尊重你、质疑你、贬低你的人继续交往。
\n\n\n\n然后是经济虐待。
\n\n\n\n施虐者为了获得权力和控制伴侣,会希望孤立女方,让女方更依赖他,并切断她的求助渠道。
\n\n\n\n许多杀妻案中,男方都会劝女方辞掉工作,断绝女方的社会关系,导致女方很难寻求帮助,死亡也很晚才被发现。
\n\n\n\n许多被家暴的女性因为没有收入来源,不得不在家暴和极端贫穷之间做出选择,最终选择了继续被虐待。
\n\n\n\n研究也证实,女方有更高的社会支持,遭受家暴的风险会更低[12]。
\n\n\n\n所以,独立才是女生保护自己最好的“武器”之一。
\n\n\n\n这些也属于经济虐待:
\n\n\n\n另外就是性虐待和身体虐待了,除了强奸、推搡、殴打、扔东西外,贬低伴侣与性有关的行为和外在、危险驾驶等,都属于家暴。
\n\n\n\n如果你都不太记得住,那么就只用一个感觉来判断好了,“你对你的伴侣感到害怕吗?”
\n\n\n\n如果你的回答是“Yes”,请你一定要记住,你已身处于家暴中,继续留在这段关系中,可能会非常危险。希望你能尽快寻求帮助。
\n\n\n\n家暴和杀妻案的每一个数字,都代表了一个曾经鲜活的生命和数个破碎的家庭。在这里,也恳请更多人能关注家暴,帮助身边的朋友、亲人识别家暴,并支持与帮助他们走出危险。
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