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血常规的解读要分别从“血三系”分析评估,其中结合患者的病史、症状及体征的不同,关注重点也会不同。
\n\n首先来看“白细胞系”。其实,所谓的白细胞并不是一类物质,而是包含了中性粒细胞、嗜碱粒细胞、嗜酸粒细胞、单核细胞和淋巴细胞这五种细胞的总称(详见下图)。
\n\n\n\n以上这五种白细胞,它们的主要功能都可以理解为杀灭细菌或病毒,参与机体的免疫和防御功能,就像身体的自卫队保护着我们,抵御着病原体的侵犯。其中,中性粒细胞是白细胞中最重要的成分,它的主要功能是吞噬杀菌作用,针对的对象主要是细菌,但自身组织遭到破坏时也会升高,如严重的外伤或手术等。当细菌等常见破坏分子入侵时,机体会调动大量白细胞去厮杀。因此,当发生细菌感染时,往往都伴随着中性粒细胞为主的白细胞“计数”和“比率”的增高。
\n\n但需要注意的是,在感染非常严重的时候,物极必反,会出现中性粒细胞减少甚至缺乏的情况,你可以理解为中心粒细胞们全军覆没,为“国”捐躯了,这种极端情况下敌军也离消灭我们的机体不远了。
\n\n除了细菌这种常见且低级的敌人,还有一类叫病毒的敌人比较难缠并且比较高级,单靠中性粒细胞对它没有作用。这时,淋巴细胞就像我们机体的特种部队,针对每一种病毒去训练一批特有的特种兵来消灭病毒。当某种病毒第一次入侵时,因训练特种兵需要时间,故而第一次的抵抗需一定时间,但当该病毒第二次入侵时,机体可以识别并记忆出这群坏东西,并在短时间内召唤大批特种兵将其消灭。也是因为这个原因,很多病毒传染病如水痘、腮腺炎等,基本不会出现第二次。
\n\n此外,嗜酸/碱性粒细胞常与寄生虫和过敏相关。当机体接触到过敏原时,嗜碱性粒细胞会发现异常,并分泌大量趋化因子,引起过敏反应,大量的嗜酸性粒细胞可以反过来抑制过敏产生的副作用。
\n\n接下来再来看“红细胞系”。红细胞应该是最家喻户晓的细胞了,顾名思义,红细胞就是红色的细胞,之所以呈红色是因为该细胞中有血红蛋白的存在。红细胞负责把体内的氧气和养分运输到全身,此时它呈鲜红色,也就是动脉血的颜色;同时,也负责把身体代谢产生的二氧化碳运输至体外,此时呈现暗紫色,也就是静脉血的颜色。
\n\n男女的红细胞计数及血红蛋白参考范围不同,女性常低于男性,原因不赘述。当红细胞和血红蛋白低于上述参考范围时,最常见于贫血,常见的贫血包括再生障碍性贫血(红细胞正常大小)、缺铁性贫血(红细胞偏小)、巨幼红细胞性贫血(红细胞偏大)等血液系统疾病,以及慢性失血的消化系统疾病等。化验单中平均红细胞体积、平均血红蛋白含量、平均血红蛋白浓度三项可用于提示不同的贫血类型,可以指导后续的诊治。
\n\n最后,来看看“血小板系”。血小板只是细胞碎片,直径非常小,一般在 2~3 微米之间,它主要用于修补破损的血管,负责凝血与止血,是我们血管里的维修工,哪里有损伤的血管哪里就有他们扎堆出现,用自己娇小的身躯填补缺口。
\n\n当血小板过少时,例如再生障碍性贫血、脾功能亢进、血小板减少性紫癜、化疗抑制骨髓造血等,会导致机体出血风险升高,必要时候需要输注血小板治疗。而当血小板过高时,机体的血液凝集风险升高,会导致血栓及栓塞等疾病,常见的例如下肢静脉血栓、脑栓塞等,此时需要抗凝或抗血小板治疗。
\n\n总而言之,至于血常规上其他指标也并非主要指标,需要强调指出的是,诊治疾病仅靠一张血常规远远不够,还需要结合患者的病史及其他辅助检查,切勿自作主张,诊治要去找医生!
\n\n 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