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子宫可分为底、体、峡、颈四部,其上端钝圆隆起,位于两侧输卵管子宫口以上的部分为子宫底;下段窄细呈圆柱状的部分为子宫颈;子宫底与子宫颈之间的部分为子宫体;子宫体的下部与子宫颈之间的狭窄部分为子宫峡,子宫峡会随着妊娠期逐渐扩展,临产时明显形成子宫下段,产科常在此处进行剖腹取胎。子宫两侧缘的上部与输卵管相接处,称子宫角。
\n\n女性孕育胎儿的时候,准妈妈会挺着大肚子,很容易理解这时的子宫很大,那么不孕育宝宝的时候,子宫是多大呢?成人非孕期的子宫长 7~8 厘米,宽 4~5 厘米,厚 2~3 厘米,宫腔容量 5 毫升,重约 50 克,如果忽略子宫的形状的话,子宫和成人的拳头是差不多大小的。
\n\n那么,这个拳头大小的器官在哪里呢?子宫位于盆腔中部,膀胱与直肠之间。其位置可随膀胱与直肠的充盈程度或体位而有变化。直立时,子宫体几乎与水平面平行,子宫底伏于膀胱的后上方,子宫颈保持在坐骨棘平面以上。成人正常的子宫呈轻度前倾、前屈姿势,前倾即子宫轴与阴道轴之间呈向前开放的角度,前屈为子宫体与子宫颈之间的弯曲。子宫姿态的维持装置主要是盆膈和阴道的承托以及韧带的牵引固定。
\n\n子宫是以肌肉为主而组成的器官。子宫壁有 3 层,最外面一层由腹膜覆盖为浆膜层;中间为肌层,是主要的也是最厚的一层;最里面的一层是子宫内膜层。子宫内膜为粉红色的黏膜组织,受卵巢分泌激素的影响而发生周期性变化。
\n\n伴随卵子的募集和发育,子宫内膜开始一刻不停地闷头生长,下次月经之前 14 天,卵子成熟排出,不论是否遇到精子,子宫全然不予理会,继续增殖变厚。排卵后平均 14 天,子宫将一床温暖厚实的被褥铺就,抬头发现精卵并未相遇,才知自己被放鸽子。此时它并不气馁,果断命令增厚的子宫内膜全部从子宫肌层壁脱落,伴随破裂血管流出的血液,排出体外,这就是月经。
\n\n对于生育,子宫和卵巢每个月都在做准备,周而复始,从日出到日落,从初潮到绝经。女性只心疼自己每个月来大姨妈很辛苦,却不知那是子宫忙碌整整一个月,在知晓没有受精卵到来之时失望和鲜红的眼泪。
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