\n\n
第一点,要看患者的生育意愿。如果患者具有强烈的生育要求,并且没有不孕的临床证据,愿意冒一定的肿瘤复发或转移的风险,可以考虑为其保留生育功能。
\n\n第二点,要看疾病的分期。我们知道宫颈癌按国际妇产科联盟(International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO)分期系统分 4 期,每一期又能细分为 IA1、IA2、IB1、IB2 或 IIA1、IIA2 等。其中 IA1、IA2 属于镜下早期浸润癌,浸润不超过 3 毫米为 IA1,3~5 毫米之间为 IA2。而 IB1、IB2 或 IIA1、IIA2 中的 1 和 2,则在提示肿块的大小。如果肿块最大径线超过 4 厘米,就是 IB2 或 IIA2,属于大肿块。一般来说,肿块小于 2 厘米的 IB1 的患者可以考虑保留生育功能。目前,也有临床医师对肿瘤直径位于 2~4 厘米的患者进行保留生育功能的宫颈癌根治术。但是,这种方法的安全性和疗效还缺乏大规模人群的长期随访资料,需要进一步的探讨。
\n\n第三点,要看肿瘤的性质。宫颈鳞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌可以考虑保留生育功能,但一些特殊的癌症类型,如宫颈黏液腺癌、小细胞神经内分泌肿瘤等,属于罕见类型,复发、转移速度非常快,不建议保留生育。
\n\n第四点,需要没有盆腔淋巴结和远处转移的证据。术前 CT(computed tomography,电子计算机断层扫描) 等影像学检查没有提示淋巴结肿大或远处转移。
\n\n以上四个条件必须同时满足的患者才适合做保留生育功能的手术。概括地说,年轻宫颈癌患者强烈要求保留生育功能,分期为 IA1、IA2 和 IB1 期的宫颈鳞癌、腺癌或腺鳞癌的患者,可以考虑保留生育功能。
\n\n上面我们谈到的是可以保留的范围和条件,但事实上,并不是所有保留生育功能的宫颈癌手术都一帆风顺。
\n\n通常情况下,对 IA2 或 IB1 期宫颈癌患者,或者有脉管浸润的 IA1 期患者,在行保留生育功能的宫颈癌手术过程中,医生要首先做盆腔淋巴结清扫,所有的淋巴结送至病理科进行快速冰冻切片。若冰冻病理结果显示淋巴结已经转移,就不能保留子宫了。
\n\n当然,也有部分患者在术中冰冻切片显示淋巴结阴性,但术后常规病理诊断又报告阳性。此时,患者要做一个很艰难的决定,到底是二次手术,切除子宫?或者辅助放疗,破坏生育力?还是冒险辅助化疗,完成生育,再继续治疗?
\n\n另外,还有一个常见的可能影响到手术方式更改的原因,就是切缘阳性。一个能成功保留子宫体的患者,其手术切缘应该没有任何残留病变,而且要有足够的安全边界。对于鳞癌来说,一般要求至少有 8 毫米的正常组织切缘,对于腺癌 10 毫米相对更安全。如果切缘距肿瘤边缘小于 5 毫米,可再切除 3~5 毫米, 如果仍不能满足安全的切缘距离,则建议要放弃保留生育功能,转而进行常规的宫颈癌根治术。
\n\n临床中,我们还会遇到以下情况:患者肿块比较大,恰好在临界大小,最大直径约 4 厘米,手术中却发现盆腔里已经有很多转移病灶了,这时必须完全切除子宫,不能保留生育功能。除此之外,还有一些复发转移的高危因素需要通过病理检测才能发现,例如宫旁浸润,切缘阳性,深肌层浸润,脉管受累,以及前面提到的特殊病理类型等,这些高危因素的存在都会影响保留生育功能手术的疗效。
\n\n接受保留生育功能手术的宫颈癌患者,建议术后避孕 1~2 年左右,主要是为了给子宫下端一定的修复时间。因为手术几乎切掉了全部宫颈及其周围组织,子宫下端直接暴露在阴道里。
\n\n尽管术中会用吊带或特殊的环扎带将子宫下端缝合紧致,但创面还是比较大,这个创面要修复一段时间,太早怀孕,可能会因为机能不全发生流产。此外,在准备怀孕前需要进行人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)检查、阴道穹窿和子宫峡部的细胞学检查以及盆腔磁共振检查,必要时行阴道镜检查,确定无复发证据时才可以考虑妊娠。
\n\n综上所述,对于年轻、要求保留生育功能并且病灶较小的宫颈癌患者,保留生育功能的宫颈根治切除术是可行的,其疗效与常规的宫颈癌根治术相似。在严格选择病例的条件下,这样可以为年轻、迫切希望生育的早期宫颈癌患者提供了一种安全、有效、合理的治疗选择。
\n\n 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