它们控制声带活动,调控声带的位置和开合,维持我们的气道功能和发音功能。可以说,我们能正常说话唱歌、吃饭喝水(吞咽),都有赖于喉返神经的辛勤工作。
\n\n喉返神经损伤是甲状腺手术的一项常见且严重的并发症,发生率大致在 0.5%~13% 之间[1][2]。可以分为暂时性和永久性。暂时性损伤多由于手术中牵拉、术后神经水肿、血肿压迫所导致,术后 3 个月内一般可以好转。永久性损伤多由于直接损伤(如钳夹、切断、缝扎)引起,往往是不可恢复的。
\n\n损伤一侧神经,可能引起同侧声带麻痹,造成声音嘶哑。有些人一侧神经损伤后,同侧声带功能受损,对侧的声带可以替补行使功能(医学上称为“代偿”)。几个月后,声嘶可能好转。但严重的神经损伤可能终身不能恢复。
\n\n如果两侧神经都被损伤,声带无法自行打开,就不仅是声音嘶哑的问题了,它会造成呼吸道受阻,呼吸困难、甚至窒息。需要做气管切开,辅助呼吸。
\n\n喉返神经损伤的后果很严重,医生也对此格外关注,并会在术前、术中采取一些预防和应对措施。
\n\n具有以下危险因素的患者,均需要行喉镜检查,明确术前声带活动情况:
\n\n如果术前声带活动已经受到影响,那么即使手术完整保留了喉返神经,也有部分患者会出现声音嘶哑。
\n\n相关阅读:
\n\n \n\n术中,医生对神经进行仔细解剖及保护。对上述高危患者,会使用神经检测仪,实时监测神经的电生理信号,明确神经功能是否完好[3][4]。
\n\n如果术中出现不得不损伤神经的情况(如肿瘤与神经黏连),医生会尽可能尝试分离神经、吻合神经断端,尽量保留神经功能。
\n\n请您和家属理解,医学并不能做到百分百的精确。是否会出现喉返神经损伤,没有人能做出准确的预测。随着医学技术的发展,可以尽量降低损伤概率,但仍不能保证完全消除这项并发症。
\n\n作为患者,您要在术前配合医生进行详细的检查。
\n\n如果术中没有出现上文提到的必须切除神经的特殊情况,但术后声音嘶哑,也不要太紧张,大部分术后声嘶是由于麻醉插管、术后神经一过性水肿所致。这时,亲属要鼓励患者多说话,促进水肿消退。如果几个月后,声嘶症状还未能好转,就需要就诊,行喉镜检查,了解声带运动情况。
\n\n此外,如果手术误伤了迷走神经,也可能引起呛咳和声音嘶哑的情况。但比喉返神经损伤少见得多。
\n\n共同撰写:复旦大学附属肿瘤医院 胡佳倩医生
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