\n\n
有一种理论认为,精神分裂症患者正是缺乏了一种“感觉门控”,才让他们的世界变得凌乱。“感觉门控”帮我们过滤环境中的无关刺激,只加工有意义的信息。试想,假如有一天,你突然丢失了感觉门控,周围所有的人和事物都和你有关系,都在针对你,你会不会变得疯狂?你还会觉得自己是自己吗?
\n\n你被邀请去参加一个派对。作为健康人,你在这个嘈杂的环境中,能够区分哪些是你需要忽视的背景噪音,哪些是你需要关注的对象和事物。如果你不擅长社交,那热闹的派对或许会让你有些不适。但慢慢地,你也能适应吵闹的环境,不在意陌生人的交谈和音乐声。猛然间听到朋友在喊你的名字,你可以循着这个对你有意义的声音走过去,眼睛扫描着与朋友模样差不多的人。最终,你可以找到朋友,并加入和他的对话中。
\n\n如果身处这个场景中的是精神分裂症患者,那么他所感知到的世界,和你是截然不同的。他无法区分什么是噪音,什么是有意义的声响或刺激。派对上的所有人物、动作、声音信息都扑面而来,他感到周围所有人都在交谈着什么,且无法过滤掉没有意义的信息。他甚至觉得,所有人都在谈论和他有关的事情,甚至是在评论他,密谋要害他,并因此感到莫名恐惧。派对上的噪音已经占据了他的头脑,重要的信息被淹没,他很可能听不到朋友的呼喊。即使那朋友主动走上前跟他谈话,他也有可能无法集中注意力,无法组织合适的语言进行交流,因为周围任何人的一举一动、一言一行都会干扰到他。根据他体验到的一切来进行判断,他可能会觉得,这个朋友故意举办了一个让他难堪、甚至对他有所企图的派对。
\n\n总结来看,在健康人的派对场景中,所有的情绪、动作、语言都是合理的,能够解释和被人理解的。但在精神分裂症患者的意识中,他莫名慌张、害怕,与明显无害的环境并不协调;甚至喃喃自语,和不存在的人说话。朋友根本无法和他交流,他的注意力总是被分散,语言和逻辑都是混乱的。他关于周围人要害他的推论是不切实际,也是任何人都无法理解的。
\n\n这提示我们,精神障碍者的紊乱、奇怪行为,并非他们自己的意愿,所有的恐惧、害怕、不适感都是他们大脑功能失调所造成的切身体会。如果你身边有朋友或亲属是精神分裂症患者,请去理解他们因为这一疾病遭受到的痛苦,并帮助他们就医、治疗和康复。
\n\n当出现幻觉(听到或看到不存在的事物)或妄想(即使有证据证明是虚假的,仍相信这些不存在的事物)时,患者相信它们是真实存在的,家人却很难理解,甚至认为对方在“作怪、找事”等。如果强行告诉患者,“你看到/听到的这些事物都是假的”,并不能帮到他,反而会加深他的不信任感。因为在患者自身看来,这些都是实实在在的“真相”。
\n\n希望您能理解,这些奇奇怪怪、让人难以忍受的言行举止,都是精神疾病在作怪。人人都会得病,精神疾病也是一种病,生病不是他/她的错,更不是他/她“自找的”。请您告诉他/她,每个人看待事物的方式都不同,并表达尊重、友好和支持,必要时请咨询医生。
\n\n若患者受幻觉或妄想的影响,表现出攻击、冲动、自杀、自伤等行为时,请您保持冷静,马上拨打急救电话,或护送患者去医院看病。切勿与其争辩、吼叫、批评或威胁,更不要用力触碰他/她。避免直接的目光接触,以免让他 / 她产生威胁感。
\n\n \n\n共同作者:
\n\n中南大学湘雅二医院精神科医生 龙雨君
\n\n上海市精神卫生中心精神科医生 庄文旭
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