\n\n
细菌感染:多见于容易得某些特殊毛囊炎或头皮疖、痈的人,如脱发性毛囊炎、脓肿性穿掘性毛囊周围炎、项部瘢痕疙瘩性毛囊炎等。
\n\n真菌感染:则见于某些种类的头癣,如持久未愈的黄癣或脓癣,多见于抵抗力较低的儿童,或长期服用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂的成人。另外,不良的个人或环境卫生也可能引起头皮感染。
\n\n\n\n常见的能导致脱发的肿瘤有基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌等。主要与长期日晒或环境刺激有关。初期常表现为:头皮局部的暗褐色丘疹或斑块,缓慢增大,然后出现破溃或溢液,并伴随局部的毛囊破坏和脱发。也可以因为肿瘤手术治疗导致瘢痕,出现局部秃发。
\n\n另外,一些身体其他部位或全身性的肿瘤也可转移或扩散至头皮,如多发性骨髓瘤、白血病等。一些本身即为亲毛囊性的肿瘤(如蕈样肉芽肿等)则更常影响毛囊结构,引起瘢痕性脱发。
\n\n常见的疾病有:系统性红斑狼疮、硬皮病、扁平苔藓。通常起病缓慢,早期表现为局部的红色或暗褐色斑片或斑块,或皮肤发硬肿胀,可有轻度的瘙痒或疼痛等不适,随着病情进展而逐渐出现头皮凹陷、变硬,伴脱发。病程通常较长,进展缓慢,可伴有口腔溃疡、关节疼痛、低热、对光敏感,或身体其他部位皮肤发硬等表现。
\n\n\n\n较为特殊的一种瘢痕性脱发,目前病因尚不清楚,可能与头皮局部的免疫异常有关。患者往往无明显症状,头皮局部发生缓慢脱发,局部外观呈轻度萎缩、发亮,用手按压脱发处,可能会有轻微皮肤凹陷。如果怀疑假性斑秃,医生可能会切除病变头皮进行活检,假性斑秃可在显微镜下看到萎缩的毛囊基本被纤维组织所替代。
\n\n一些罕见的疾病,如结节病、类脂质渐进性坏死等,也可影响头皮及毛囊,导致瘢痕性脱发。
\n\n总而言之,瘢痕性脱发的原因众多,都继发于头皮局部组织被破坏,毛囊受损,乃至毛囊被纤维组织所替代,且一旦发生,毛发不可自然再生。因此,日常生活中,我们应提高对瘢痕性脱发的认识,尽可能避免头皮外伤。如果出现相应症状或怀疑自己得了某种头皮疾病,应尽早找专业医生诊治,以免延误治疗。
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