\n\n
因为焦虑症患者常存在神经-内分泌系统紊乱、神经递质失衡,而抗抑郁药可使失衡的神经递质趋向正常,从而使焦虑症状消失,情绪恢复正常。这类药物的特点是抗焦虑效果肯定,能从根本上改善焦虑,无成瘾性,安全性好,适合长期服用。
\n\n此外,由于焦虑症患者常伴有程度不同的抑郁情绪,使用抗抑郁药物也能同时改善抑郁症状。
\n\n许多最初批准用来治疗抑郁症的药物,也用作焦虑症的治疗。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,它们产生依赖和滥用的风险较小。
\n\n但是,抗抑郁药一般需要服用 2-4 周才开始缓解焦虑症状,所以它们是不能“按需要”随意服用、立显疗效的,而是主要用于需要中长期治疗的慢性焦虑问题。
\n\n抗抑郁药中,最常用于抗焦虑治疗的是 SSRI 类药物,如氟西汀、舍曲林、帕罗西汀、氟伏沙明、西酞普兰和艾司西酞普兰。此类药物被用于治疗广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD),强迫障碍(OCD)、惊恐障碍、社交焦虑障碍、创伤后应激障碍等多种焦虑症亚型。
\n\n在使用这类药物的时候,需要注意两点:
\n\n药物使症状恶化的迹象包括:焦虑、恐慌发作,以及失眠、敌意、不安和极端激越等,特别是突然出现这些症状或症状迅速恶化时,更需要注意。
\n\n在抗抑郁药治疗的头两个月,自杀风险是最大的。如果你发现自己或关心的人出现以上这些危险信号,应立即与医生或治疗师联系。
\n\n\n\n此类药物只对焦虑症状有效,安全性好,无成瘾性,以丁螺环酮和坦度螺酮为代表。
\n\n这是一类较新的、具有温和镇定作用的抗焦虑药。与苯二氮卓类药物相比,环酮类药物起效较慢,一般需要两周左右才开始起效。
\n\n它们没有明显的镇静作用,不损害记忆和协调功能,撤药反应也微乎其微。
\n\n但是此类药物的效果比较局限,目前仅发现对广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)有效,对其他类型的焦虑症似乎没有太大作用。
\n\n\n\n主要是 β 受体阻滞剂,包括普萘洛尔、阿替洛尔等。它们是一类用于治疗高血压和心脏问题的药物,也被用来治疗焦虑。
\n\nβ 受体阻滞剂是通过阻断去甲肾上腺素的作用来产生疗效的,而去甲肾上腺素是一种参与应激反应的激素。β 受体阻滞剂有助于控制躯体性的焦虑症状,如心跳过快、声音颤抖、出汗、头晕和手抖等。
\n\n不过,此类药物对担心之类的情绪症状无效。它们最拿手的是治疗恐惧症,尤其是社交恐惧和演出焦虑。如果你有一个可能会产生焦虑的情景(如做一个演讲),提前服用 β 受体阻滞剂可以帮助放松你的“神经”。但需要此类药物必须遵医嘱。
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