\n\n
所以,放化疗期间,患者必须要经常验血(即检查血常规),还要检测肝肾功能及电解质。血常规一般每周检查 1~2 次,肝肾功能和电解质一般每周检查 1 次,但若患者有特殊情况,则需增加验血次数,如骨髓 IV 度抑制则需每日复查血常规,恶心呕吐严重的患者则需当日复查肝肾电解质的情况。
\n\n骨髓抑制不仅会延缓放化疗的进行而影响治疗效果,而且可能导致并发症,从而危及患者的生命。定期监测血常规就是为了监测有无骨髓抑制。骨髓抑制主要包括粒系(白细胞或粒细胞减少)、巨核系(血小板减少)、红系(红细胞或血红蛋白减少)三个方面。世界卫生组织把骨髓抑制分为 IV 度,详见下表。
\n\n\n\t\t\t | 0 | \n\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t
血红蛋白(g/L) | \n\t\t\t≥110 | \n\t\t\t109~95 | \n\t\t\t94~80 | \n\t\t\t79~65 | \n\t\t\t<65 | \n\t\t
白细胞 (109/L) | \n\t\t\t≥4.0 | \n\t\t\t3.9~3.0 | \n\t\t\t2.9~2.0 | \n\t\t\t1.9~1.0 | \n\t\t\t<1.0 | \n\t\t
粒细胞 (109/L) | \n\t\t\t≥2.0 | \n\t\t\t1.9~1.5 | \n\t\t\t1.4~1.0 | \n\t\t\t1.4~1.0 | \n\t\t\t<0.5 | \n\t\t
血小板 (109/L) | \n\t\t\t≥100 | \n\t\t\t99~75 | \n\t\t\t74~50 | \n\t\t\t49~25 | \n\t\t\t<25 | \n\t\t
在放化疗期间,最常见的骨髓抑制是粒系,会表现为白细胞或粒细胞低下。如果分级在 1 级,则患者可以口服升白细胞药物;如果在 2 级及以上,则需要皮下注射集落刺激因子,如果为分级在 4 级的重度骨髓抑制,则患者免疫力低下严重,出现感染风险,不仅需要皮下注射集落刺激因子,还需要暂停放化疗,预防性应用抗生素预防感染,同时密切监测血常规变化,重症患者必要时需要转入层流室。
\n\n血小板的降低较粒细胞的降低出现较晚,但一旦出现 4 度低下,则有自发性出血的风险,特别是颅内出血。此外,升血小板药物起效缓慢,一般应用 7~10 天后血小板才会逐渐回升。因此,血小板一旦出现 2 级以上的低下,则建议应用白介素-11 或者重组人血小板生成素来促进血小板的生成,4 级以上或有出血倾向者可以申请输注血小板。
\n\n红系的抑制在患者整个骨髓抑制过程中出现的更晚,且容易被忽视。但是实际上红系抑制所致贫血不仅使患者的组织缺氧导致一般状况差,而且还可能降低放疗或化疗的效果。轻度贫血患者可以适当增加富含铁的食物摄入,口服或静脉补充铁剂,中重度患者可申请输血,主要是输注红细胞悬液来快速改善贫血的状况。
\n\n \n\n在患者放化疗期间,应每周 1 次定期复查肝肾功能电解质。如果出现肝肾功能异常,则根据轻重程度需要口服或者静脉注射护肝药物,停止对肝肾功能有损伤的药物(特别是化疗药物),等到肝肾功能损伤恢复后再考虑化疗。当患者出现严重的恶心呕吐、纳差乏力时,需要密切监测电解质的情况,一旦发现电解质紊乱,则需要尽快使用药物进行调整。
\n\n另外,在放疗期间也需要每间隔 2~4 周复查一次肿瘤标志物,来评估放疗疗效或者有无复发情况。同时,每 2~4 周复查一次凝血功能,以防止静脉血栓的形成。
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