\n\n
因此,通过腰椎穿刺这个检查,可以直接检测脑脊液的压力,也可以进一步抽取一定量的脑脊液,对脑脊液的成分进行分析、化验,而无需进行头骨钻孔后穿刺脑组织这个兴师动众的操作。
\n\n \n\n对神经外科患者而言,腰椎穿刺检查分别在术前诊断、术后监测、术后治疗上有一定作用。
\n\n比如,对于患生殖细胞肿瘤的患者,目前的诊断金标准是需要行手术切取肿瘤后做进一步的病理检查。但是,部分生殖细胞肿瘤患者的脑脊液中会有一些肿瘤标记物升高,如人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human choionic gonadotophin,β-HCG)和甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)会比血清中的高。如果腰椎穿刺的结果发现如此,可以给术前诊断提供重要的依据。
\n\n再比如,对于转移瘤或者脑内原发性淋巴瘤患者,脑脊液中可能存在脱落的肿瘤细胞,如果腰椎穿刺术抽取的脑脊液经过离心后,能够找到肿瘤细胞,就可以直接确诊了。此外,有些脑肿瘤手术后的辅助治疗需要参考是否有肿瘤在脑脊液系统中播撒,以决定放疗的范围。
\n\n而且,对于部分已经接受脑肿瘤手术的患者,也会在治疗过程中行腰椎穿刺术。常见的是存在术后发热的患者,通过做腰椎穿刺可以明确发热原因是否与手术有关。如果颅内存在感染,通过腰椎穿刺不断地排出炎性脑脊液,而每天脑内自发生成的新鲜、干净的脑脊液就能够不断地廓清脑组织的“水”环境。
\n\n并不是这样,腰椎穿刺检查也存在很多禁忌症。麻醉药过敏,穿刺部位存在感染,曾经有腰椎外伤、手术病史,存在凝血功能障碍等患者,都不能进行该项操作。
\n\n而且,如果患者有头晕、头痛、恶心呕吐等脑内压升高的表现,进行腰椎穿刺检查是有一定风险的,需要特别谨慎,避免发生脑疝,引起呼吸、心跳骤停。
\n\n原则上来说,腰椎穿刺检查并没有年龄限制。婴幼儿、老年人都不是禁忌。不过,婴幼儿由于配合度差,操作存在一定困难。而老年人,或多或少存在骨质增生、韧带硬化等情况,操作时可能无法“一针见水”,需要多次更换操作的腰椎节段。
\n\n由于腰椎穿刺成功后,脑脊液流出了一部分,所以,建议保持去除枕头,平卧 4~6 小时。直到人脑在随后几小时中分泌出新的脑脊液,重新平衡脑脊液压力,以防止敏感人群因低颅压而出现头痛的症状。
\n\n 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